Toy Story Or Lion King essays

Toy Story Or Lion King essays How is it that you make a decision between two cartoons about which is better? Some say that you should judge them by which of the cartoons has the best plot, others say to decide on how well the characters relate to humans? I however did neither of these, I decided by the amount small details the artists put in to the film. I divided the details in to three different categories: background The movie The Lion King had excellent backgrounds and foregrounds. At the beginning of the movie there is a brilliant sunrise, this sunrise showed an extremely high-quality background. It slowly transfers from a dark blue, through a variety of mauves Toy Story does not achieve as great of detail in this category, however it does have a few good points. Throughout the movie, whenever there is a close-up of one of the characters faces, the background is in great detail (e.g. at the beginning of the movie, Woody is sitting on a chair with Andy, and you can see the intricate weaving patterns of the chairs material. There is also great detail put into the wooden floor of Andys room, all of the different pattern in the grains of wood can be seen). The Lion King has rather respectable character detailing. All of the animals walk and fly accurately, and the artists...

Definition and Examples of Catenative Verbs

Definition and Examples of Catenative Verbs In English grammar, a catenative verb is a  verb  that can link with other verbs to form a chain or series. Examples of catenative verbs include  ask,  keep, promise, help,  want, and  seem, among  many others. A catenative verb (also called a chain verb) takes as its  complement  a nonfinite construction (often an infinitive). Huddleston and Pullum point out that the term catenative is applied to the non-finite complement, and also to the verb that licenses it . . . and the construction containing the verb its complement (The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, 2002). Examples and Observations She had a great many engagements, but  she usually managed to dine at home with her father, and that was about as much society as he cared for.(Willa Cather, Double Birthday. The Forum, 1929)Where is the politician who has not promised to fight to the death for lower taxes- and who has not proceeded to vote for the very spending projects that make tax cuts impossible?(Barry Goldwater, quoted by Wayne A. Root in The Conscience of a Libertarian, 2009)Only North Americans seem to believe that they always should, may, and actually can choose somebody with whom to share their blessings. Ultimately this attitude leads to bombing people into the acceptance of gifts.(Ivan Illich, Celebration of Awareness, 1969)She  had intended to take the Elevated, and naturally she looked in her purse to make certain she had the fare, and was pleased to find forty cents in the coin envelope.(Katherine Anne Porter, Theft. The Gyroscope, 1930)Out of the corners of her eyes she  saw him sit and pull   on his wet shoes.(Richard Wright, Bright and Morning Star. New Masses, 1939)ChainingA catenative verb is a verb that controls a non-finite complement. Catenative means chaining and reflects the way that the verb can link recursively with other catenatives to form a chain, as in:We decided to try to rent a house near the sea. Here there is a chain of three verbs: decide, try and rent, with to try to rent a house near the sea functioning as the catenative complement of decide, and to rent a house near the sea functioning as the catenative complement of try.(Angela Downing, English Grammar: A University Course. Routledge, 2006)Complements of Catenative VerbsThe term catenative is derived from the Latin word for chain, for the construction is repeatable in a way that enables us to form chains of verbs in which all except the last have a non-finite complement:​She seems to want to stop trying to avoid meeting him.Each of the italicized verbs here has a non-finite clause as complement.(Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, A Students Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 2006)Also SeeAuxiliary Verb  and  Helping VerbCausative VerbHendiadysRecursionTen Types of Verbs

Was Afghanistan Invasion of 1979 and Occasion and not the Cause of the Essay

Was Afghanistan Invasion of 1979 and Occasion and not the Cause of the End of Detente - Essay Example Among these treaties and agreements were the SALT 1, SALT II and the Helsinki Agreement which committed both countries to stop the production of missiles and nuclear weapons4. In 1979, Soviet invaded Afghanistan and this led to the total breakdown of the detente5. However, I consider that Afghanistan invasion as an occasion but not the ultimate cause to the end of detente. This is informed by an evaluation of the causes of Afghanistan invasion and the relations between the two superpowers preceding the invasion. Causes of Afghanistan Invasion In 1779 After the end of the Second World War, United States and Soviet Union were engrossed in arms race. Consequently, the two nations decided to come to start negotiations to limit the number of missiles and nuclear weapons that they could keep. These negotiations were held in two phases; SALT I which ran from 1969 to 1972 which culminated with the signing of Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty6. This was followed by SALT II which began in 1972 but was never ratified by the US Senate7. United States hoped that through detente, they would have a smooth exit from the Vietnam War8. United States History explains that the two countries viewed detente differently where United States expected that Soviet Union had agreed to a worldwide standoff9. On the other hand, Soviets saw it as their obligation to support revolutions in any part of the world where they considered that there was oppression10. According to United States History, these varying interpretations strained the relationship and detente broke down with Afghanistan invasion in 197911. Some people felt that the attack was an unprovoked invasion of a sovereign nation12. Guide to Russia.com describes that Berlin, Hungary, Cuba and Korea had adopted communism and Afghanistan was seen to following the way13. In December 1979, Soviets paratroopers landed in the capital city; Kabul. The country was already in tension following the prime ministers attempt to introduce western po licies and do away with the Muslim belief14. This had therefore infuriated majority of the Afghanistan since they had a strong Muslim tradition. Consequently, many Muslim leaders had been arrested while others had fled Kabul15. Furthermore, the communist government was also opposed to religion. Consequently, thousands of Muslims in Afghanistan joined a guerrilla force known as Mujahedeen which declared jihad war on all the supporter of the prime minister16. They wanted to overthrow the government. The Soviets came in to support the government of the Afghan but on 27th December, 1979; they shot dead the then prime minister Amin and replaced him with Babrak Kamal17. However, the position of the new leader entirely depended on the support of Russians. The war started but the Russian army could not march the power of the Mujahedeen since they had the knowledge of the terrain and were committed to the jihad war18. United Nations was opposed to the invasion and had called for Russian with drawal from Afghanistan in January of 1980 although the motion was vetoed by Russia. Following the invasion, America introduced a ban on export of grains to Russia, stopped further SALT talks and refused to participate in the Moscow Olympic Games that were due to be held in 198019. America did not intervene in the war since they viewed this as a chance to get intelligence on the Russian weapons in addition to the fact that

Ammendments to the bill of rights of the US Constitution Essay

Ammendments to the bill of rights of the US Constitution - Essay Example Bill of Rights is the synonym of freedom to American citizens. The rights and freedoms that are covered under the Bill of Rights involve, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of the Press, Freedom of Assembly, Freedom to keep and Bear Arms, Freedom of Religion and Protection for that Accused of Crimes. Other crucial rights covered by Bill of Rights include Freedom to petition as well as the rights to save themselves from unreasonable search, seizure and cruel and unusual punishment. Citizens of United States are also entitled to the rights against compelled self-incrimination. The Bill of Rights limits the powers of the federal government in United States. These restrictions on the rights of the government boost up the rights of the citizens, visitors, and other temporary residents in the nation. Bill of Rights guarantees several crucial enumerated rights to the citizens. These amendments also control the government from making any new laws that respect the establishment of religion. These ame ndments also ensure that the government does not seize anybody’s life, property or freedom unless it happens by the processes of the law. Bill of Rights ensure that the Congress do not make any citizen deprive of his life and liberty. In the matter of criminal cases only the indictment by grand jury can deal a capital (infamous) crime. These special freedom rights ensure a speedy public trial on these cases using a local or impartial jury. These rights also ensure there never occurs a double jeopardy. The Fifth Amendment upholds the rights of people in this case. Majority of the Bill of Rights were applied to the nation by a sequence of decisions that include the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. These were included after the American Civil War. The Bill of Rights is a fundamental symbol of the freedom, liberty, independence and choice of the nation. Bill of Rights was first prepared in 1789 by James Madison and was drafted during a period when there happened nu merous ideological misunderstandings between Federalists and anti-Federalists. These ideological conflicts had started since the 1787 Philadelphia Convention. These conflicts and the associated problems questioned the Constitution's ratification. The Bill of Rights is closely associated with the 1689 English Bill of Rights, George Mason's 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, English political documents like Magna Carta (1215) and the other important documents that were associated with the natural rights. The Bill of Rights answered all questions related to the freedom of citizens and was a big challenge to the celebrated founding fathers who completely forgot to include the basic principles of human liberty in the constitution. The Bill of Rights is too important for American citizens, American law and the government. You can find a copy of the Bill of Rights available for public display in the National Archives in Washington, D.C.. There are fourteen original copies of the Bill of Rights. December 15 is considered as the ‘Bill of Rights Day’ as per the declaration of the Former President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Bill of Rights ensures any abuse of power from the part of the government. Citizens enjoy various types of freedom through the Bill of Right

Microsoft vs Red Hat Linux Essay Example for Free

Microsoft vs Red Hat Linux Essay As a customer, I’d prefer the system of Red Hat (despite how the program look and operate) because obviously, it’s free of charge. Also because it releases the updated version every 4-6 months as the article mentioned. However, in my opinion, in term of business model, Microsoft, the monopoly, has a more sustainable business plan. The traditional way of employing high skilled programmers is certainly ensure the persistent development of the company. Moreover, from the customer’s point of view, even though, they have to pay a fixed software package in the beginning, but there’re no other expenses such as consulting like Red Hat. Moreover, the free technical support also make Microsoft has a higher position in the market. In addition, statistically, Microsoft has outstanding profit-making revenue for the past years. Linux, on the other hand, has a possibility of getting bigger in terms of revenue. Still, as I have said, volunteer programmers are not very reliable. Not only the success is terms of revenue, Microsoft has a better brand image because it has been in the market for so long and has so many loyal customers globally. Even though, Red Hat is trying to differentiate by focusing more on the small business, but Microsoft’s strategy is still ahead of it because it provided its service/product to a larger based customers. I’m sure that Red Hat isn’t the first competitor Microsoft has ever had, but it has overcome all of them. Because of all the reason mentioned above, Microsoft will remain the Monopoly in the market for still quite a long while. Michael E. Porter Michael E. Porter is a leading strategist who has a comprehensive understanding about economy and economic development of a nation. He invented the Competitive Strategy called â€Å"Porter’s Five Forces Model†. He is now currently the Bishop William Lawrence University Professor, based at Harvard Business School. Professor Porter is generally known as the father of modern strategy field, and also identified as the world’s most influential thinker on management and competitiveness. His works included 18 books and over 125 articles published in leading newspaper and business magazine. Professor Porter was actually graduated with high honors in aerospace and mechanical engineering from Princeton University, and continued with M. B. A with George F. Baker Scholar from Harvard Business School, also a Ph. D. in Business Economics from Harvard University as well. Porter’s Five Forces Model As I have mentioned, it’s a model about the competitiveness of a company by Michael E. Porter. It is a very well-known model in order to find the environment of a firm and also factors that influence the uncertainty. It states not only to win over your competitors but also to unite and work together between firms in term of partnership. One of the reasons why this model is well recognized is that it works from small to large company. The Five Forces in the model are Rivalry among current competitors, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of customers, threat of substitute products or services, and threat of new entrants.

Multiculturalism In Canada :: Immigration, Ethnic Diversity

Canadian Multiculturalism, Same as it ever Was? (an essay by Kathleen Hoyos) Abstract: After the Second World War ended, Canada was no longer mainly composed of its two dominant ethnocultural groups, French and English, but rather constituted by polyethnicity; meaning, Canadian culture was made up of many different ethnic groups. Since then, Canada has actively embraced multiculturalism and on 12 July 1988, the House of Commons passed Bill C-93, ‘An Act for the preservation and enhancement of multiculturalism in Canada’. The Canadian multicultural experience has been much portrayed as a celebration of ethnicity where different cultural groups share their customs and learn from each other. However, it is recently being rumoured that the multiculturalism hype is not all it is cut out to be and segregates communities rather than integrate. According to Canadian authors Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka, â€Å"in much of the world and particularly in Europe, there is a widespread perception that multiculturalism has failed† (44). In this paper, I examine some recent common issues of concern, especially, racism and discrimination, through the literary expression of Canadian playwrights and writers such as George F. Walker, Cecil Foster, and Mordecai Richler. These writers are not meant to represent any ethnic group as a whole, but rather try to project a general feeling about the nation in individual ways. I will finally explore the idea of how perhaps multiculturalism in Canada is evolving into another state since migratory patterns and the social circumstances that Canada is facing in the 21st century have changed. Today, the idea of celebrating different ethnicities and customs is no longer as important as celebrating the transcultural or â€Å"transnational† aspects of relations between individuals and groups of immigrants. Keywords: multiculturalism, transnationalism, transnational literature The use of Multiculturalism, as a term, within the Canadian perspective, is best stated

Consequential Validity Of An Alternate Assessment For Students

The purpose of educational research workers on alternate appraisals in assorted professional instruction publications were to carry general pedagogues toward collaborative instruction by supplying analytical research to back up general instruction for particular needs pupils. â€Å" Teacher perceptual experiences and the eventful cogency of an alternate appraisal for pupils with important cognitive disablements † examines the variables of instructor perceptual experiences that may consequence the cogency of alternate appraisal in respects to particular needs pupils ( Roach, A.R. , Elliott, S.N. , Berndt, S. , 2007 ) . R.J. Kettler and the research squad stated in their article, â€Å" What do alternate appraisals of alternate academic accomplishment criterions step? that the consequences from their survey back up the adaptative behaviour, academic accomplishments, and academic enablers as steps for academic accomplishment for particular needs pupils.IntroductionMany public sc hools and private schools are exchanging their schoolrooms and schoolroom directions to collaborative learning squad attack ( CTT ) . Collaborative learning squads consist of two instructors, one general instruction instructor, and the other, a particular instruction instructor. Together, they plan their educational strategic lessons and schoolroom direction to turn to the demands of their pupils, which included pupils with particular demands. These particular demands may besides include English as Second Language ( ESL ) and/or English Language Learners ( ELL ) pupils. Some instructors are for the alteration and others are against it. To justified collaborative instruction squads ( CTT ) , many research articles were written to carry instructors that collaborative learning squads are successful. For this article, two research articles about alternate appraisal for particular needs pupils from well-established diaries were chosen to confirm or non confirm the usage of collaborative instruction squads. Although two research articles about curative appraisal will non confirm the usage of this strategic educational attack, the articles will give some penetration for or against the CTT enterprise. The first article, â€Å" Teacher perceptual experiences and the eventful cogency of an alternate appraisal for pupils with important cognitive disablements † written by Andrew T. Roach, Stephen N. Elliott, and Sandra Berndt, focused on the analysis of mensurating the instructor ‘s perceptual experience in respects to the alternate appraisal for particular need pupils. Research workers were concern about how the instructors ‘ perceptual experience affects the result of the alternate appraisal when given to particular needs pupils ( Roach, Elliott, Berndt, 2007 ) . The research workers were concern about the attitudes instructors develop when they have to take the clip and pass the alleged ‘extra energy ‘ to administrate the alternate appraisals. Alternate appraisals are given when the particular needs pupils are non able to take the academic appraisals. The alternate appraisal ( AA ) must run into the province ‘s criterions before being administer ed to pupils. In the 2nd article, â€Å" What do alternate appraisals of alternate academic accomplishment criterions step? A multitrait-multimethod analysis † from Ryan J. Kettler and the research squad were more concern about ‘what ‘ the alternate appraisal steps. They were concern about what the AA really measures in footings of academic abilities and adaptative behaviours such as societal accomplishments, physical accomplishments, etc. To happen out the ‘what ‘ , the research workers used the ‘multitrait-multimethod analysis ‘ attack to acquire the replies. The consequences from the research were that â€Å" the AA reading and math tonss may reflect a unitary concept, the AA tonss are extremely related to adaptative behaviour and academic competency and accomplishment, and all these tonss represent an unique but overlapping concepts ( Kettler, Elliott, et. al. , 2010 ) . † Before analyzing the consequences of this research, the first article about instructors ‘ perceptual experience about alternate appraisals will be discussed.Teacher Perceptions and the Consequential Validity of an Alternate Assessment for Students With Significant Cognitive DisabilitiesThe consequences of this research may bespeak little sums of fluctuations of diminution positive attitudes/perceptions toward alternate appraisals among particular instruction instructors harmonizing to the pupil grade degree. To mensurate these consequences, the research workers created the WAA ( Wisconsin Alternative Assessment ) Teacher Survey – a paper and pencil study was given to instructors ( 4th, 8th, and 10th classs ) to finish and portion their perceptual experiences refering the WAA procedure and consequences. The consequences suggested that instructors were â€Å" by and large ambivalent to slightly positive. † Some reserves about the clip required to finish the appraisal were reported but the most of import find was that the study revealed the arrested development of positive perceptual experiences about the WAA procedure as pupil class degree advanced. Harmonizing to the research consequences, â€Å" there were no extra forecaster variable accounted for a important proportion of the fluctuation in instructors ‘ response on the WAA Teacher Survey ( Roach, A.R. , Elliot, S.N. , Brendt, S. , 2007 ) . † Although the research workers mentioned assorted restrictions about this research including geographic influence, the one major failing about this research is the answerability of the instructors ‘ perceptual experiences about the AA throughout the school twelvemonth. Teachers may show their feelings at the minute while taking the study. Emotions/attitudes and perceptual experiences do fluctuate throughout the school twelvemonth and there are many variables to act upon them. To corroborate the consequences, research workers of this undertaking will necessitate to take studies throughout the school twelvemonth and a few old ages subsequently to acquire a echt read on the instructor ‘s perceptual experiences about the AA.What Do Alternate Appraisals of Alternate Academic Achievement Standards Measure? A Multitrait-Multimethod AnalysisBefore analyzing the consequences of this research, the research attack needs to be understood to understand the consequences. What is the â⠂¬Ëœmultitrait-multimethod ‘ attack? The multitrait-multimethod ( MTMM ) attack is an integrative, multivariate ( many variables ) model for research intents. Teachers can consistently garner valid information and discriminate or distinguish it in a individual survey. The research survey consisted of the followers: Multiple Traits – Academic public presentation, Academic accomplishments, Academic enablers ( â€Å" for example, societal accomplishments, survey accomplishments, motive, and battle ) are student attitudes and behaviours that facilitate a pupil ‘s engagement in, and benefit from academic direction in the schoolroom † ( DiPerna, J.C. 2008 ) Adaptive behaviour Multiple Methods – Individually administered accomplishment trials Teacher completed evaluation graduated tables This peculiar survey was more comprehensive as it focused on faculty members and non perceptual experiences and it involved many provinces, non merely one remarkable province. The consequences indicated that AAs had common measurings with the related traits like adaptative behaviour, academic accomplishments, and academic enablers, significance, instructors will construe such findings as steps of academic accomplishment peculiarly for pupils with the most terrible cognitive disablements. The instructors will merely hold to do certain to go on doing the AA measures what it suppose to mensurate and non let it to mensurate adaptative behaviour, therefore, going more and more academic ( Kettler, et. al. , 2010 ) .DecisionIt is compulsory for particular pupils to take these alternate appraisals in order to carry through the province ‘s authorization but in malice of it, instructors should go on to educate pupils with particular demands for every twenty-four hours life, as this is necessary for their endurance. Harmonizing the writers, many instructors, irrespective of the legislative attempts, in peculiar collaborative instruction squads and such, to conc entrate on answerability for pupil acquisition in the nucleus academic topics, opt to keep a hard balance between academic accomplishments and non-academic accomplishments in their schoolroom direction. The valorous attempts of schoolroom instructors to supply non-academic accomplishments for pupils of important disablements to populate successful unrecorded exterior of schools are indispensable ( Kettler, R.J. , et. al. , 2010 ) . On the other manus and based on experiences working in CTT schoolrooms, it is recommended for future research to take into consideration the possible harmful effects of personality clashing of learning squads and it effects on the pupils. In add-on, research can be done on the kineticss of learning squads in the daily operations of the schoolroom, and the kineticss between the pupils and the instructors ( separately and jointly ) in order to heighten the research workers ‘ persuasion for collaborative instruction squads in general instruction schoolrooms.

Literature Terms Essay

What does the term literature mean to you? Literature means to me is an escape from the troubles of the day. It also keeps me informed about events that may indirectly affect me in my everyday life. What makes something literary in your own mind? It has to be informative and relevant to the matter being described in a story or news article. As far as a book it needs to hold my interest and be able to make me in grossed in the characters in the story. If literature means different things to different people, who defines what is and what is not literature? Us as readers need to decide what is and what is not. Everybody has their own opinion on what is good and what is not good. Next, reflect on your relationship to reading and literature. What kind of reading engages/interests you? I like nonfiction and fiction books that deal with a variety of issues. What about that writing draws you in? Do you find meaning in reading certain writing? If so, describe the satisfaction you draw from this process. Also consider how you read. Do you, for example, take notes or mark text as you read, or do you simply absorb the material on a page? The kind of reading that I enjoy has to bring me into the story; it has to make me imagine what the character is going thru and how it may have to be resolved. I simply get lost in the story and absorb the material on each page as relates to the story. Imagination- is the human power that shapes artistic expression, it enables a writer’s work to become an expression of meaning in our world, and allows readers to engage in identifying with what the writer’s work has to say about things that matter. When you allow reading to unlock your imagination your connection sets the stage for intellectual engagement. It allows the experoence of reading of literature to include the pursuit of ideas and knowledge.section 2.1. Walter Mitty was a dreamer and to me if he’s a dreamer then he is using his imagination. Satire- deals with contradictions. It is the art that calls attention to the difference.

Maya Lin Essays

Maya Lin Essays Maya Lin Essay Maya Lin Essay Maya Lin Maya Lin, a graduate of Yale University, is a politically fueled artist who caused quite an uproar with her artwork. Maya Lin concentrates on reality as most of her artwork that gained nationwide attention consisted of memorial type structures that were interactive art. The Rosa Park’s memorial and the Vietnam memorial alike are both gigantic structures carved out of solid marble to remember those to impacted the development of the United States to what we are today. Maya combined several visual elements to bring her artwork alive including space, shape, and time and motion. According to our textbook, Living with Art, a shape is a two-dimensional form. It occupies an area with identifiable boundaries. Boundaries may be created by a line, a shift in texture, or a shift in color. Maya used shapes in a very creative way in both the Vietnam War memorial and the Juniata Peace Chapel pieces to be exact. To me, these two creations utilize this concept the most with the sharp angles and underground â€Å"boundaries† that almost give the memorial a triangle shape while still giving the appearance of an optical allusion at first. The Peace Chapel as also â€Å"set up† the same way utilizing the underground theme. For the Peace Chapel, large square cut rocks were placed below ground level to give a less defined boundary from far away, almost not appearing to be â€Å"sunken in† from certain angles due to the grass floor in the middle. Maya Lin also used space to her advantage, especially linear perspective in her Vietnam Memorial. The memorial is conceptually convincing but not optically convincing. More specifically, she includes two-point linear perspective where two parallel lines converge into one point. Maya also includes the concept of space in the Peace Chapel, suggesting depth but not implying it unless you view the work from a horizontal view. From a bird’s eye view, the Chapel would just appear a simply a circle of rocks, but from standing view the sculpture appears as much more than that appearing to be an area of meditation or similar to a giant â€Å"foot print. † Lastly, Maya included time and motion into her works of art. Especially noted, the Civil Rights Memorial (Rosa Park Memorial) is considered kinetic art. Kinetic art, or art that moves, is more than just a drawing on a piece of canvas; kinetic art is â€Å"living† art and Maya perused this theory to the max when including a waterfall and fountain in the memorial. Not only does the art include motion, but it also makes the art interactive, allowing the guests to splash and control the movement of the water. This element of the artwork includes the viewer to share, touch, and watch living artwork.

Battle of Hattin in the Crusades

Battle of Hattin in the Crusades The Battle of Hattin was fought July 4, 1187, during the Crusades. In 1187, after a series of disputes, the Ayyubid armies of Saladin commenced moving against the Crusader states including the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Meeting the Crusader army west of Tiberias on July 3, Saladin engaged in a running battle as it moved towards the town. Surrounded during the night, the Crusaders, who were short on water, were unable to break out. In the resulting fight, the bulk of their army was destroyed or captured. Saladins victory opened the way for the recapture of Jerusalem later that year. Fast Facts: Battle of Hattin Conflict: The CrusadesDates: July 4, 1187Armies Commanders:CrusadersGuy of LusignanRaymond III of TripoliGerard de RidefordBalian of IbelinRaynald of Chatillonapprox. 20,000 menAyyubidsSaladinapprox. 20,000-30,000 men Background During the 1170s, Saladin began expanding his power from Egypt and worked to unite the Muslim states surrounding the Holy Land. This resulted in the Kingdom of Jerusalem being encircled by a unified enemy for the first time in its history. Attacking the Crusader state in 1177, Saladin was engaged by Baldwin IV at the Battle of Montgisard. The resulting fight saw Baldwin, who was suffering from leprosy, lead a charge that shattered Saladins center and put the Ayyubids to rout. In the wake of the battle, an uneasy truce existed between the two sides. Succession Issues Following Baldwins death in 1185, his nephew Baldwin V assumed the throne.  Only a child, his reign proved brief as he died a year later. As the Muslim states in the region were uniting, there was increasing dissension in Jerusalem with the elevation of Guy of Lusignan to the throne. Claiming the throne through his marriage to Sibylla, mother of the late child-king Baldwin V, Guys ascension was supported by Raynald of Chatillon and the military orders such as the Knights Templar.   Known as the court faction, they were opposed by the nobles faction. This group was led by Raymond III of Tripoli, who had been Baldwin Vs regent,  and who were angered by the move. Tensions quickly escalated between the two parties and civil war loomed as Raymond left the city and rode to Tiberias.  Civil war loomed as Guy considered besieging Tiberias and  was only avoided through mediation by Balian of Ibelin. Despite this, Guys situation remained tenuous as Raynald repeatedly violated the truce with Saladin by attacking Muslim trade caravans in Oultrejordain and threatening to march on Mecca. This came to a head when his men assaulted a large caravan traveling north from Cairo. In the fighting, his troops killed many of the guards, captured the merchants, and stole the goods. Operating within in the terms of the truce, Saladin sent envoys to Guy seeking compensation and redress. Reliant on Raynald to maintain his power, Guy, who conceded that they were in the right, was forced to send them away unsatisfied, despite knowing that it would mean war. To the north, Raymond elected to conclude a separate peace with Saladin to protect his lands. Saladin on the Move This deal backfired when Saladin requested permission for his son, Al-Afdal, to lead a force through Raymonds lands. Compelled to allow this, Raymond saw Al-Afdals men enter Galilee and meet a Crusader force at Cresson on May 1. In the battle that ensured, the outnumbered Crusader force, led by  Gerard de Ridefort, was effectively destroyed with only three men surviving.  In the wake of the defeat, Raymond left Tiberias and rode to Jerusalem. Calling his allies to assemble, Guy hoped to strike before Saladin could invade in force. Renouncing his treaty with Saladin, Raymond fully reconciled with Guy and a Crusader army of around 20,000 men formed near Acre. This included a mix a of knights and light cavalry as well as around 10,000 infantry along with mercenaries and crossbowmen from the Italian merchant fleet. Advancing, they occupied a strong position near the springs at Sephoria. Possessing a force nearly the size of Saladins, the Crusaders had defeated earlier invasions by holding strong positions with reliable water sources while allowing the heat to cripple the enemy (Map). Saladins Plan Aware of past failings, Saladin sought to lure Guys army away from Sephoria so that it could be defeated in open battle. To accomplish this, he personally led an attack against Raymonds fortress at Tiberias on July 2 while his main army remained at Kafr Sabt. This saw his men quickly penetrate the fortress and trap Raymonds wife, Eschiva, in the citadel. That night, the Crusader leaders held a war council to determine their course of action. While the majority was for pressing on to Tiberias, Raymond argued for remaining in the position at Sephoria, even if it meant losing his fortress. Though the precise details of this meeting are not known, it is believed that Gerard and Raynald argued strenuously for an advance and indicated that Raymonds suggestion that they hold their position was cowardly. Guy elected to push on in the morning. Marching out on July 3, the vanguard was led by Raymond, the main army by Guy, and the rearguard by Balian, Raynald, and the military orders. Moving slowly and under constant harassment by Saladins cavalry, they reached the springs at Turan (six miles away) around noon. Concentrating around the spring, the Crusaders eagerly took water. The Armies Meet Though Tiberias was still nine miles away, with no reliable water en route, Guy insisted on pressing on that afternoon. Under increasing attacks from Saladins men, the Crusaders reached a plain by the twin hills of the Horns of Hattin by mid-afternoon. Advancing with his main body, Saladin began attacking in force and ordered the wings of his army to sweep around the Crusaders. Attacking, they surrounded Guys thirsty men and cut off their line of retreat back to the springs at Turan. Realizing that it would be difficult to reach Tiberias, the Crusaders shifted their line of advance in an attempt to reach the springs at Hattin which were around six miles away. Under increasing pressure, the Crusader rearguard was forced to halt and give battle near the village of Meskana, stopping the entire armys advance. Though advised to fight on to reach water, Guy elected to halt the advance for the night. Surrounded by the enemy, the Crusader camp possessed a well but it was dry. Disaster Throughout the night, Saladins men taunted the Crusaders and set fire to the dry grass on the plain. The next morning, Guys army awoke to blinding smoke. This came from fires set by Saladins men to screen their actions and increase the Crusaders misery. With his men weakened and thirsty, Guy broke camp and ordered an advance towards the springs of Hattin. Despite having sufficient numbers to break through the Muslim lines, fatigue and thirst badly weakened the cohesion of the Crusader army. Advancing, the Crusaders were effectively counterattacked by Saladin. Two charges by Raymond saw him break through the enemy lines, but once outside the Muslim perimeter, he lacked enough men to influence the battle. As a result, he retreated from the field. Desperate for water, much of Guys infantry attempted a similar breakout, but failed. Forced onto the Horns of Hattin, the majority of this force was destroyed. Without infantry support, Guys trapped knights were unhorsed by Muslim archers and forced to fight on foot. Though fighting with determination, they were driven onto the Horns. After three charges against the Muslim lines failed, the survivors were forced to surrender. Aftermath Precise casualties for the battle are not known, but it resulted in the destruction of the majority of the Crusader army. Among those captured were Guy and Raynald. While the former was treated well, the latter was personally executed by Saladin for his past transgressions. Also lost in the fighting was a relic of the True Cross which was sent to Damascus. Quickly advancing in the wake of his victory, Saladin captured Acre, Nablus, Jaffa, Toron, Sidon, Beirut, and Ascalon in rapid succession. Moving against Jerusalem that September, it was surrendered by Balian on October 2. The defeat at Hattin and subsequent loss of Jerusalem led to the Third Crusade. Beginning in 1189, it saw troops under Richard the Lionheart, Frederick I Barbarossa, and Philip Augustus advance on the Holy Land.

Write introduction about skydivers and paratroopers and various laws Essay

Write introduction about skydivers and paratroopers and various laws of conservation that work in this case - Essay Example The laws of conservation are applicable in this technique because of the transfer of energy to other parts of the body. One should place their feet together, bend their knees, and tip over to a chosen side just as the ground is touched. Through this, the weight of the fall does not concentrate on the feet, rather it spreads throughout the body. Momentum gained during a fall depends on mass and velocity. The longer the time taken to land, the lesser the impact, and in consequence, bending knees is an effort to elongate the period of the force of impact. A longer period of impact scientifically means that the effects of the impact are transferred and reduced. If a paratrooper or skydiver hits the ground with legs unfolded, he/she may break a bone or suffer worse injuries because of the sudden impact of force (Mei-Dan & Carmont, 2012). If the knees are bent, and one moves towards either side, the force of impact happens in a longer period, which is less deleterious to the person landing. In physics, the term conservation means that there is no loss in energy, only that it is transferred through objects without net change in the energy. It is necessary to roll as much as possible to ensure that the energy is tolerably transferred in the process of landing. Apart from mild and serious injury, poor landing causes unnecessary embarrassment to a paratrooper or a skydiver. For this reason, there are diverse safety measure that skydivers and paratroopers must take to ensure successful landing. It is necessary to understand basic factors such as terrain, wind direction, an oscillation of the paratrooper or skydiver. These factors often vary and no matter the intensity of training given (Orlick, 2014), without proper information on natural factors, landing may be catastrophic. Injuries are common on the ankles, but necessary security measures must also be taken to protect the torso,